Applicability of this chapter to configurations:
Configuration |
Implementation |
|---|---|
CV32A60AX |
Implemented extension |
CV32A60X |
Implemented extension |
CV64A6_MMU |
Implemented extension |
Note: This chapter is specific to CV32A6 configurations. CV64A6 configurations implement as an option RV64C, that includes a different list of instructions.
RV32C Compressed Instructions
RVC uses a simple compression scheme that offers shorter 16-bit versions of common 32-bit RISC-V instructions when:
the immediate or address offset is small;
one of the registers is the zero register (x0), the ABI link register (x1), or the ABI stack pointer (x2);
the destination register and the first source register are identical;
the registers used are the 8 most popular ones.
The C extension is compatible with all other standard instruction extensions. The C extension allows 16-bit instructions to be freely intermixed with 32-bit instructions, with the latter now able to start on any 16-bit boundary. With the addition of the C extension, JAL and JALR instructions will no longer raise an instruction misaligned exception.
Integer Computational Instructions
C.LI: Compressed Load Immediate
Format: c.li rd, imm[5:0]
Description: loads the sign-extended 6-bit immediate, imm, into register rd.
Pseudocode: x[rd] = sext(imm[5:0])
Invalid values: rd = x0
Exception raised: NONE
C.LUI: Compressed Load Upper Immediate
Format: c.lui rd, nzimm[17:12]
Description: loads the non-zero 6-bit immediate field into bits 17–12 of the destination register, clears the bottom 12 bits, and sign-extends bit 17 into all higher bits of the destination.
Pseudocode: x[rd] = sext(nzimm[17:12] << 12)
Invalid values: rd = x0 & rd = x2 & nzimm = 0
Exception raised: NONE
C.ADDI: Compressed Addition Immediate
Format: c.addi rd, nzimm[5:0]
Description: adds the non-zero sign-extended 6-bit immediate to the value in register rd then writes the result to rd.
Pseudocode: x[rd] = x[rd] + sext(nzimm[5:0])
Invalid values: rd = x0 & nzimm = 0
Exception raised: NONE
C.ADDI16SP: Addition Immediate Scaled by 16, to Stack Pointer
Format: c.addi16sp nzimm[9:4]
Description: adds the non-zero sign-extended 6-bit immediate to the value in the stack pointer (sp=x2), where the immediate is scaled to represent multiples of 16 in the range (-512,496). C.ADDI16SP is used to adjust the stack pointer in procedure prologues and epilogues. C.ADDI16SP shares the opcode with C.LUI, but has a destination field of x2.
Pseudocode: x[2] = x[2] + sext(nzimm[9:4])
Invalid values: rd != x2 & nzimm = 0
Exception raised: NONE
C.ADDI4SPN: Addition Immediate Scaled by 4, to Stack Pointer
Format: c.addi4spn rd’, nzimm[9:2]
Description: adds a zero-extended non-zero immediate, scaled by 4, to the stack pointer, x2, and writes the result to rd’. This instruction is used to generate pointers to stack-allocated variables.
Pseudocode: x[8 + rd’] = x[2] + zext(nzimm[9:2])
Invalid values: nzimm = 0
Exception raised: NONE
C.SLLI: Compressed Shift Left Logic Immediate
Format: c.slli rd, uimm[5:0]
Description: performs a logical left shift (zeros are shifted into the lower bits).
Pseudocode: x[rd] = x[rd] << uimm[5:0]
Invalid values: rd = x0 & uimm[5] = 0
Exception raised: NONE
C.SRLI: Compressed Shift Right Logic Immediate
Format: c.srli rd’, uimm[5:0]
Description: performs a logical right shift (zeros are shifted into the upper bits).
Pseudocode: x[8 + rd’] = x[8 + rd’] >> uimm[5:0]
Invalid values: uimm[5] = 0
Exception raised: NONE
C.SRAI: Compressed Shift Right Arithmetic Immediate
Format: c.srai rd’, uimm[5:0]
Description: performs an arithmetic right shift (sign bits are shifted into the upper bits).
Pseudocode: x[8 + rd’] = x[8 + rd’] >>s uimm[5:0]
Invalid values: uimm[5] = 0
Exception raised: NONE
C.ANDI: Compressed AND Immediate
Format: c.andi rd’, imm[5:0]
Description: computes the bitwise AND of the value in register rd’, and the sign-extended 6-bit immediate, then writes the result to rd’.
Pseudocode: x[8 + rd’] = x[8 + rd’] & sext(imm[5:0])
Invalid values: NONE
Exception raised: NONE
C.ADD: Compressed Addition
Format: c.add rd, rs2
Description: adds the values in registers rd and rs2 and writes the result to register rd.
Pseudocode: x[rd] = x[rd] + x[rs2]
Invalid values: rd = x0 & rs2 = x0
Exception raised: NONE
C.MV: Move
Format: c.mv rd, rs2
Description: copies the value in register rs2 into register rd.
Pseudocode: x[rd] = x[rs2]
Invalid values: rd = x0 & rs2 = x0
Exception raised: NONE
C.AND: Compressed AND
Format: c.and rd’, rs2’
Description: computes the bitwise AND of of the value in register rd’, and register rs2’, then writes the result to rd’.
Pseudocode: x[8 + rd’] = x[8 + rd’] & x[8 + rs2’]
Invalid values: NONE
Exception raised: NONE
C.OR: Compressed OR
Format: c.or rd’, rs2’
Description: computes the bitwise OR of of the value in register rd’, and register rs2’, then writes the result to rd’.
Pseudocode: x[8 + rd’] = x[8 + rd’] | x[8 + rs2’]
Invalid values: NONE
Exception raised: NONE
C.XOR: Compressed XOR
Format: c.and rd’, rs2’
Description: computes the bitwise XOR of of the value in register rd’, and register rs2’, then writes the result to rd’.
Pseudocode: x[8 + rd’] = x[8 + rd’] ^ x[8 + rs2’]
Invalid values: NONE
Exception raised: NONE
C.SUB: Compressed Subtraction
Format: c.sub rd’, rs2’
Description: subtracts the value in registers rs2’ from value in rd’ and writes the result to register rd’.
Pseudocode: x[8 + rd’] = x[8 + rd’] - x[8 + rs2’]
Invalid values: NONE
Exception raised: NONE
C.EBREAK: Compressed Ebreak
Format: c.ebreak
Description: cause control to be transferred back to the debugging environment.
Pseudocode: RaiseException(Breakpoint)
Invalid values: NONE
Exception raised: Raise a Breakpoint exception.
Control Transfer Instructions
C.J: Compressed Jump
Format: c.j imm[11:1]
Description: performs an unconditional control transfer. The offset is sign-extended and added to the pc to form the jump target address.
Pseudocode: pc += sext(imm[11:1])
Invalid values: NONE
Exception raised: jumps to an unaligned address (4-byte or 2-byte boundary) will usually raise an exception.
C.JAL: Compressed Jump and Link
Format: c.jal imm[11:1]
Description: performs the same operation as C.J, but additionally writes the address of the instruction following the jump (pc+2) to the link register, x1.
Pseudocode: x[1] = pc+2; pc += sext(imm[11:1])
Invalid values: NONE
Exception raised: jumps to an unaligned address (4-byte or 2-byte boundary) will usually raise an exception.
C.JR: Compressed Jump Register
Format: c.jr rs1
Description: performs an unconditional control transfer to the address in register rs1.
Pseudocode: pc = x[rs1]
Invalid values: rs1 = x0
Exception raised: jumps to an unaligned address (4-byte or 2-byte boundary) will usually raise an exception.
C.JALR: Compressed Jump and Link Register
Format: c.jalr rs1
Description: performs the same operation as C.JR, but additionally writes the address of the instruction following the jump (pc+2) to the link register, x1.
Pseudocode: t = pc+2; pc = x[rs1]; x[1] = t
Invalid values: rs1 = x0
Exception raised: jumps to an unaligned address (4-byte or 2-byte boundary) will usually raise an exception.
C.BEQZ: Branch if Equal Zero
Format: c.beqz rs1’, imm[8:1]
Description: performs conditional control transfers. The offset is sign-extended and added to the pc to form the branch target address. C.BEQZ takes the branch if the value in register rs1’ is zero.
Pseudocode: if (x[8+rs1’] == 0) pc += sext(imm[8:1])
Invalid values: NONE
Exception raised: no instruction fetch misaligned exception is generated for a conditional branch that is not taken. An Instruction address misaligned exception is raised if the target address is not aligned on 4-byte or 2-byte boundary, because the core supports compressed instructions.
C.BNEZ: Branch if Not Equal Zero
Format: c.bnez rs1’, imm[8:1]
Description: performs conditional control transfers. The offset is sign-extended and added to the pc to form the branch target address. C.BEQZ takes the branch if the value in register rs1’ isn’t zero.
Pseudocode: if (x[8+rs1’] != 0) pc += sext(imm[8:1])
Invalid values: NONE
Exception raised: no instruction fetch misaligned exception is generated for a conditional branch that is not taken. An Instruction address misaligned exception is raised if the target address is not aligned on 4-byte or 2-byte boundary, because the core supports compressed instructions.
Load and Store Instructions
C.LWSP: Load Word Stack-Pointer
Format: c.lwsp rd, uimm(x2)
Description: loads a 32-bit value from memory into register rd. It computes an effective address by adding the zero-extended offset, scaled by 4, to the stack pointer, x2.
Pseudocode: x[rd] = M[x[2] + zext(uimm[7:2])][31:0]
Invalid values: rd = x0
Exception raised: loads with a destination of x0 must still raise any exceptions, also an exception if the memory address isn’t aligned (4-byte boundary).
C.SWSP: Store Word Stack-Pointer
Format: c.swsp rd, uimm(x2)
Description: stores a 32-bit value in register rs2 to memory. It computes an effective address by adding the zero-extended offset, scaled by 4, to the stack pointer, x2.
Pseudocode: M[x[2] + zext(uimm[7:2])][31:0] = x[rs2]
Invalid values: NONE
Exception raised: an exception raised if the memory address isn’t aligned (4-byte boundary).
C.LW: Compressed Load Word
Format: c.lw rd’, uimm(rs1’)
Description: loads a 32-bit value from memory into register rd’. It computes an effective address by adding the zero-extended offset, scaled by 4, to the base address in register rs1’.
Pseudocode: x[8+rd’] = M[x[8+rs1’] + zext(uimm[6:2])][31:0])
Invalid values: NONE
Exception raised: an exception raised if the memory address isn’t aligned (4-byte boundary).
C.SW: Compressed Store Word
Format: c.sw rs2’, uimm(rs1’)
Description: stores a 32-bit value from memory into register rd’. It computes an effective address by adding the zero-extended offset, scaled by 4, to the base address in register rs1’.
Pseudocode: M[x[8+rs1’] + zext(uimm[6:2])][31:0] = x[8+rs2’]
Invalid values: NONE
Exception raised: an exception raised if the memory address isn’t aligned (4-byte boundary).